The purpose of the session is to discuss the contributions of new methodological and technological advances and the results arising from the integration of well-established methodologies, which have permitted major advances in the assessment of volcanic hazard in specific sites and to highlight both positive and negative impact of educational programs on preparedness, response, and overall influence on vulnerability.
The session will include studies presenting a critical analysis of the sources of uncertainty in volcanic hazard assessment and offering an integrated quantification of the multihazards associated with volcanic activity.
This paper explores how volcanic eruptions might be linked to changes in weather patterns. Gases released, like CO2 and SO2, play a key role in the lower atmosphere, influencing temperatures at the surface. Water vapor from eruptions can travel through all atmospheric layers, potentially creating more atmospheric rivers and disrupting the polar vortex. These changes can significantly affect weather, depending on the eruption's size, the types of gases released, the type of volcano, and its location. Furthermore, eruptions can cause abrupt shifts in atmospheric layers, leading to unexpected seasonal variations. The study of volcanic eruptions and the weather consequences is paramount for understanding climate change better. Several factors from eruptions allow disturbances in the atmospheric layers mainly at the troposphere, stratosphere and mesosphere. Volcanic eruptions inject sulfur gases into the stratosphere, which convert to sulfate aerososls with e-folding residence time about one year.
How to cite: Hagen, M.: Influence of Volcanism Activity on Weather and Climate Changes, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-1944, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-1944, 2026.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) may constitute a hazard not only associated with active volcanic environments and ongoing eruptions, but also during periods of dormancy. CO2 may be released in a silent and permanent way through the volcanic soils and, if accumulated in high concentrations, may act as an asphyxiant. Soil CO2 surveys highlight the association between anomalous CO2 zones and tectonic structures, as well as show the topographic and lithological control on gas emissions. Gas released on diffuse degassing areas is also highly affected by environmental parameters, such as the barometric pressure, air temperature, rainfall and wind speed, which can cause significant variations in the gas flux and result in seasonal trends on the CO2 emissions.
Hazardous CO2 concentrations have been detected in several areas of the world (e.g., DR Congo, France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, USA), and the gas may introduce in buildings and accumulate in such concentrations that reaccommodation of residents is requested. In the Azores archipelago, indoor CO2 concentrations as high as 90 vol.% have been measured, even during quiescent periods of activity.
CO2 susceptibility maps have been performed for several diffuse degassing areas in the Azores, and some villages have several buildings classified with high risk of CO2 exposure. This study not only aims to discuss the criteria used for the definition of maps but also evaluates the adequacy of the defined strategy as well as the limitations of the proposed methodology, highlighting the relevance of performing surveys with high density of points. Other critical aspects are the existence of thermal anomalous zones and the need to account with the topography to characterize the area. The adequacy of the maps will be complemented with indoor and outdoor CO2 measurements carried out in the study areas. The adequacy of the maps is supported by indoor and outdoor CO2 measurements carried out in the study areas.
How to cite: Viveiros, F. and Silva, C.: Assessing CO2 emissions in diffuse degassing areas – a valuable tool for land-use planning, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-5999, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-5999, 2026.
Hazard and risk management in densely populated volcanic areas requires the development of quantitative assessments. The Campi Flegrei caldera represents one of the highest-risk volcanic areas on the planet, due to its population density, and is currently in a phase of unrest characterized by ground deformations, seismicity, and gas emissions. Hazard assessment at Campi Flegrei is intrinsically complex, due to the difficulty in interpreting pre-eruptive patterns, and furthermore the caldera shows a great variability in vent locations and eruption sizes, not presenting a simple pattern that can be easily extrapolated to future activity. Here we develop a hazard model based on a Bayesian Event Tree (BET) that integrates eruption forecasting, scenario forecasting and impact forecasting by means of conditional probability rules. In particular: i) the model gives sense of heuristic pre-eruptive information through an entropy-based method and incorporates model heterogeneity through experts' elicitation; ii) takes into account vent and size variability through continuous probability distributions, overcoming the limitations of scenario-based approaches; iii) evaluates the impact of individual hazard phenomena by integrating different computational models. By propagating uncertainties across the BET nodes this approach allows for a transparent and consistent assessment of all possible outcomes in near real time, thus providing a tool that significantly facilitates risk management and decision-making in the Phlegraean area.
How to cite: Ferrara, S., Selva, J., Bianco, F., and Marzocchi, W.: Towards a complete and quantitative description of the hazard at Campi Flegrei caldera with implications for the emergency planning, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-9797, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-9797, 2026.
Explosive eruptions can occur with different, mechanisms, energy and magnitude, and consequently their impact may involve more or less large areas of the affected territory. Phreatic explosive eruptions are considered to be among those with the lowest magnitude and impact, although unfortunately they have recently caused casualties in several areas of the world. Their unpredictability and the impossibility, to date, of identifying precursor phenomena useful for specific monitoring of these events, greatly increases the volcanic hazard associated with them.
Volcanoes characterized by active surface geothermal systems are environments particularly prone to favor the possibility of phreatic and/or hydrothermal explosive events occurring. Many active calderas host widespread fumarolic and hydrothermal activity as a surface expression of the interaction between hot fluids of deep magmatic origin, surface aquifers, and fault or fracture zones in the shallow crust. The Campi Flegrei caldera has generated during its recent eruptive history phreatic explosive events, concentrated principally in its central sector. The Solfatara volcano was delineated as a result of the succession of phreatic events of varying energy that led to the formation of a maar/diatreme-type structure.
The Solfatara-Accademia area represents the most active hydrothermal sector of the Campi Flegrei caldera, characterized by intense fumarolic activity, shallow seismicity and localized deformation. Past phreatic and hydrothermal events, together with the behavior observed during recent unrest episodes, indicate that this sector may evolve through processes partly decoupled from caldera-scale dynamics, making it a key target for investigating shallow hydrothermal instability. Three-dimensional resistivity models obtained by magnetotelluric (MT/AMT) surveys, performed within INSIDE OUT project, in the framework of the INGV–MUR project Pianeta Dinamico, delineate a complex near-surface architecture characterized by laterally extensive conductive layers, interpreted as clay-rich, low-permeability caps, locally disrupted by resistive structures that connect deeper geothermal reservoirs to the surface. These features define preferential pathways for fluid and gas ascent and highlight strong lateral heterogeneities over short spatial scales.
Time-lapse MT observations reveal temporal variations in electrical resistivity within the uppermost crust, interpreted as changes in fluid circulation, gas flux and permeability conditions in the shallow hydrothermal system. Gravity monitoring showed largest gravity changes in time-span 2021-2025 located in Accademia-Solfatara area, while gravity time-series may suggest cycles of mass accumulation & discharge (with relevant amplitudes). These resistivity and gravity variations spatially correlate with zones of enhanced fumarolic activity, clusters of shallow earthquakes, and localized deformation anomalies in the Accademia sector. The observed patterns suggest a dynamic interplay between fluid ascent, diffusion and self-sealing processes within shallow cap layers, potentially leading to transient pressure build-up at shallow depths, complementing caldera-scale observations and improving the characterization of potentially unstable shallow zones in densely urbanized areas of Solfatara-Accademia.
Integration of structural observations, geophysical imaging and monitoring data, with particular emphasis on time-lapse magnetotelluric and gravity surveys indicate that the Solfatara-Accademia area represents a structurally controlled, shallow hydrothermal domain whose evolution may play a primary role in the development of localized phreatic or hydrothermal explosive activity as possible eruptive scenario for the investigated area.
How to cite: Isaia, R., Carlino, S., De Paola, C., Di Giuseppe, M. G., Pagliara, F., Pivetta, T., Sposato, M., and Troiano, A.: Ongoing unrest at Campi Flegrei caldera: increasing potential for a phreatic/hydrothermal event within the Accademia-Solfatara area?, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-18618, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-18618, 2026.
Monitoring the volcanic plume emissions of dormant volcanoes and restless calderas reveals essential information on the sub-surface magmatic and hydrothermal processes, providing an essential tool for improving the surveillance of active volcanoes, especially during the unrest phases. Together with the predominant emissions of water vapor (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2), monitoring the sulfur degassing, in terms of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), is a priority due to its significant atmospheric and climatic impacts. To achieve reliable and continuous monitoring under the challenging conditions typical of volcanic environments, compact and robust sensors are required, capable to guarantee high selectivity and sensitivity with detection limits in the part-per-million (ppm) range in the complex and variable volcanic plume. Moreover, a fast response time on the order of seconds is a precious asset for effectively tracking rapid changes in gas emissions. Quartz Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (QEPAS) sensors fulfil these requirements by using a quartz tuning fork to detect sound waves generated by the interaction of the target gas with infrared modulated light. In addition, QEPAS sensors overcome the cross-interference and long recovery-time limitations, offering an advantageous alternative to conventional electrochemical sensors.
Here we report on the realization of a multi-gas sensor system composed of an electronic hygrometer for temperature and H2O monitoring, a commercially available CO2 sensor and a compact QEPAS sensor for the detection of H2S in volcanoes environment. The QEPAS sensor employed a DFB diode laser targeting the H2S absorption line at 3792.90 cm-1 and an acoustic module composed of a T-shaped quartz tuning fork coupled with micro-resonator tubes. The QEPAS sensor was optimized and calibrated in laboratory, reaching a 1-σ minimum detection limit of 1.6 ppm with an integration time of 1 s, at a working pressure of 100 Torr. Field tests were carried out through continuous, real-time measurements at the Pisciarelli fumarolic field (Campi Flegrei caldera, southern Italy) with the system operating for several hours for three days. Measurements were taken at varying distance from the main fumarolic vent (from few to tens of meters), demonstrating the sensor capability to track rapid fluctuations of H2S concentrations within the plume. At the closest distance, H2S peaks of tens of ppm were detected and positive correlation with the CO2 emission was retrieved. These results fully demonstrated the applicability of the multi-gas system for monitoring H2S concentrations and the CO2/H2S ratio in volcanic environments. Based on these results, further measurement campaigns will be conducted at the Campi Flegrei on February 2026 with an additional QEPAS sensor for CH4 and SO2 detection.
How to cite: Elefante, A., Olivieri, M., Patimisco, P., Spagnolo, V., Angelo, S., Massaro, S., Sulpizio, R., Dellino, P., Rufino, F., Caliro, S., and Costa, A.: Real time monitoring of H2S emissions at the Pisciarelli fumarolic field (Campi Flegrei caldera) using a compact Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic sensor, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-18558, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-18558, 2026.
Explosive volcanic eruptions, especially those of Plinian and sub-Plinian styles, are among the most hazardous natural phenomena due to their potential to affect vast areas of land, ocean, and airspace. These eruptions are characterised by the ejection of large amounts of tephra and gases into the atmosphere, forming buoyant eruption columns that disperse downwind.
Tephra fallout is the most common product of such eruptions, with the potential to locally generate hazardous loads on buildings and disrupt critical infrastructure. Fine ash can be transported by wind over thousands of kilometres and persist in the atmosphere for several days or weeks, with severe consequences for aviation and far-reaching socioeconomic impacts.
On volcanic islands, such as the Azores Archipelago (Portugal), these impacts are amplified by geographic isolation, limited land area, and rugged topography. Sao Miguel Island, the largest and most populated of the Azores, is one such case, hosting three active central volcanoes (Sete Cidades, Fogo, and Furnas) that have produced a large variety of tephra-producing eruptions in the last millennia, including in historical times.
Here, we develop the first Long-term Probabilistic Volcanic Hazard Assessment (PVHA) for tephra fallout and airborne ash generated by explosive eruptions at the three central volcanoes of São Miguel, taking advantage of the High-Performance Computing (HPC) capabilities and workflow provided by the Geo-INQUIRE Transnational Access. The workflow implements a probabilistic approach based on the Bayesian Event Tree (BET) method, coupled with large ensembles of FALL3D simulations designed to capture the full range of eruptive and atmospheric variability.
To perform this assessment, a set of eruptive scenarios was devised for VEI 3, 4, and 5 events. Eruptive parameters were sampled with an Orthogonal Latin Hypercube Sampling method to ensure highly uniform and space-filling sampling. To account for variability in meteorological conditions, 30 years of ERA5 reanalysis data were incorporated into the simulations.
The simulations were performed over two different computational domains: a regional grid (4x8 degrees approximately, 2-km resolution) to assess tephra load and impact on the Azores Islands, and a continental domain (70x50 degrees approximately, 10-km resolution) to evaluate the airborne ash concentration, arrival times, and atmospheric persistence affecting Europe and North Africa.
For the probabilistic hazard calculations, tephra footprints were produced for each simulation and dropped in the Simulation Data Lake developed by the Geo-INQUIRE project for convenient storage, allowing open access and post-processing by other users.
Overall, the outcomes of this work enable the generation of long-term hazard maps for different eruptive scenarios, including tephra fallout (load) and ash concentration at specific flight levels, and the evaluation of the associated uncertainty.
Furthermore, the combination of these results with an equivalent effort in progress within the ChEESE-2P project relative to Spanish, Italian, and Icelandic volcanoes will contribute to the definition of the first European Tephra Hazard Map and a preliminary long-term hazard assessment for European airspace.
TA Project description: https://eur02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geo-inquire.eu%2Ftransnational-access%2Fproject-reports%2Ftephrazor&data=05%7C02%7CSimone.C.Aguiar%40azores.gov.pt%7C680b5094c8fb4458ec4708de52994528%7C14ab77183e714019890a54ed9b92f98a%7C0%7C0%7C639039015408152164%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=fGhjDRxzs5aSEiDSmHvbil6oM4ZU7Bt6wTFOpHxpGJY%3D&reserved=0
How to cite: Aguiar, S., Sandri, L., Folch, A., Martinez, B., Guerrero, A., Hernandez-Plaza, E., Costa, A., Barsotti, S., Tierz, P., Pacheco, J., and Pimentel, A.: A showcase of HPC workflow for long-term Probabilistic Volcanic Hazard Assessment: the case of tephra hazard from three active volcanoes in the Azores, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-14476, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-14476, 2026.
The Canary Islands constitute an active volcanic intraplate archipelago. Two eruptions have occurred in the 21st century so far at the youngest and most active islands: a submarine eruption at El Hierro island in 2011, and a subaerial eruption at La Palma in 2021. The effects of these volcanoes on the marine environment were assessed during the eruption and monitored over the following years.
The submarine eruption of Tagoro volcano at El Hierro caused severe physical-chemical perturbations on the surrounding oceanic environment, such as large increases in temperature and water acidification. Moreover, the volcano released large amounts of reduced chemical species into the surrounding waters, which were rapidly oxidized upon contact with seawater. This process caused severe oxygen depletion, leading to suboxic and even anoxic conditions over wide areas, with oxygen concentrations decreasing up to -96%. Deoxygenated water plumes extended over areas larger than 460 km² and were transported by local circulation and mesoscale structures such as eddies, allowing detectable oxygen anomalies to persist tens of kilometers from the eruption site.
However, the affected marine ecosystem showed a strong capacity for recovery in the following years. As the eruptive phase transitioned into a long-lasting hydrothermal stage (which remains active), the Tagoro volcano became an important source of dissolved inorganic nutrients to the regional ocean. Emitted fluids are strongly enriched in silicate, phosphate, and nitrogen species, particularly ammonium. This highlights the importance of submarine volcanism for marine biogeochemical cycles and its fertilizing potential.
The 2021 subaerial eruption of the Tajogaite volcano at La Palma further illustrated the impacts of volcanic activity on the ocean through the formation of lava deltas. Lava entering the sea generated pronounced anomalies throughout the water column, including extreme turbidity, reduced pH, and elevated temperatures. A localized lava-induced upwelling was detected as heated waters rose and were replaced by deeper, colder waters. However, this process did not stimulate phytoplankton growth; instead, a sharp decline in chlorophyll-a (up to -69%) indicated a negative impact on primary producers over several kilometers from the coast.
Overall, this integrated study advances understanding of how volcanic activity shapes oceanographic conditions, biogeochemical cycles, and ecosystem resilience, while providing valuable guidance for ocean monitoring and crisis management during future volcanic emergencies in the Canary Islands.
How to cite: González-Vega, A., Martín-Díaz, J. P., Arrieta, J. M., Vázquez, J. T., Sánchez-Guillamón, O., Lozano Rodríguez, J. A., Ferrera, I., Presas-Navarro, C., and Fraile-Nuez, E.: Assessing the impacts of recent volcanic eruptions on the marine environment of the Canary Islands, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-12074, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-12074, 2026.
Science centres have long been framed as venues for disseminating scientific knowledge and generating economic value through tourism. However, a new generation of centres is repositioning science engagement as a civic function, mobilising scientific knowledge to address complex societal challenges such as inclusion, sustainability and enhancing communities’ adaptive capacity to natural hazards. In this context, Espai Cràter, a new generation of Science Centre specialized in volcanology that opened in Olot (Catalonia) in 2022, offers a distinctive case. Conceived through a co-creation approach and rooted in the Garrotxa Volcanic Field, it moves beyond the exhibition model to operate as a territorially embedded learning infrastructure linking Earth-science knowledge with formal education and local community priorities.
This study examines how Espai Cràter, located outside major metropolitan areas (approximately 1.5 hours from Barcelona), acts as a bridge between scientific knowledge and communities where opportunities for direct engagement with science are often less accessible and unevenly distributed. Its outreach strategy combines conventional formats (e.g., school programmes, guided visits, and family activities) with targeted initiatives designed to reduce cultural, social, and accessibility barriers, including activities delivered in everyday public spaces and proposals co-designed with local social organisations through stable local partnerships. The study addresses two main questions: (i) How can a geoscience centre design and deliver outreach that ensures meaningful access to scientific knowledge for school audiences and underserved groups? and (ii) How does place-based Earth-science programming contribute to participants’ scientific understanding, awareness of the territory and capacity-building in volcanic risk management?
The methodology proposed is based on the Universal Design for Learning (UDL) framework, which enables the adaptation of content and formats to accommotade diverse audiences and accessibility needs. Analysis combines systematic participation records with post-activity surveys across outreach actions to assess reach, satisfaction, and perceived learning outcomes. Programme data show substantial participation (over 40,000 annual visitors; ~9,000 students per year in educational activities; and ~1,000 participants in community-based initiatives), alongside consistently high satisfaction ratings (mean 9.7/10 from participating schools; 9.8/10 from users and partner organisations in community initiatives).
Drawing on these data, the findings indicate that proximity to local communities, partnership networks, and inclusive design can function as enabling conditions for socially relevant science communication. The study contributes by (1) providing an evaluation-oriented account of “what works” in formal-education-facing outreach beyond satisfaction, and (2) extending place-based geoscience education by empirically examining how science engagement in non-metropolitan settings fosters scientific understanding, awareness of the territory and communities’ capacity to adapt to volcanic risk. Espai Cràter demonstrates that proximity to local communities, when combined with inclusive design and strong partnerships, is a key asset for effective and socially relevant science communication.
How to cite: Llobet, C., Collell, X., Llop, N., Bolós, X., and Geyer, A.: Beyond the science centre: How Espai Cràter in Olot (Catalonia) expands inclusivity through the volcanoes, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-11256, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-11256, 2026.
A reliable reconstruction of long-term eruptive activity is fundamental for understanding volcanic behaviour and for improving hazard assessment at volcanoes. Vulcano Island (Aeolian Islands, Italy) is characterized by recurrent Vulcanian activity and long repose periods, and can be reconstructed by multiple historical chronicles and by field geology analyses. Despite its importance, existing catalogues are fragmented, heterogeneous, and often lack systematic integration of geological and historical records. Here we present a revised and harmonized eruption catalogue for Vulcano Island, spanning from ~3500 BC to present, obtained through the critical revision of historical sources and their integration with dated volcanic deposits. Historical accounts were systematically analysed to distinguish eruptive activity from fumarolic unrest and were cross-correlated with stratigraphic, sedimentological, and geochronological data available in the literature. The resulting catalogue includes 60 eruptive events (54 of La Fossa and 6 of Vulcanello), classified by eruptive style following a standardized scheme and supported by explicit documentary and geological evidence. Cumulative curves and style-specific analyses reveal strong temporal variations, largely controlled by changes in settlement history and observational capability. Completeness analysis suggests that the catalogue is reliable for all eruptive styles only after ~1700 AD, while earlier periods are likely biased toward longer-lasting and higher-impact events. Using hierarchical cluster analysis, we show that Vulcano’s eruptive history is organized into macro-cycles, consisting of multi-phase sequences that include effusive, Strombolian, and Vulcanian activity, rather than isolated eruptions. These macro-cycles are interpreted as potential prolonged open-conduit phases and are recognizable in the last 1100 years of activity (from 900 AD onward). This result provides a robust framework for reinterpreting the concept of Vulcanian cycles commonly adopted for Vulcano, and for linking eruptive styles within coherent dynamic units.
How to cite: Li Castri, E., Branca, S., Ciuccarelli, C., Lucchi, F., Panelli, G., Costa, A., and Selva\, J.: Catalogue of eruptive events at Vulcano Island, Aeolian Islands, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-5059, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-5059, 2026.
The 2021 Tajogaite eruption on La Palma was the most destructive volcanic event in recent Canary Islands history, lasting 85 days and producing extensive lava flows and tephra deposits. Beyond its immediate impacts on infrastructure and air quality, the eruption raised critical questions about how tephra properties influence environmental hazards and public health. Fine ash particles (<10 µm) pose respiratory risks, while soluble salts and trace elements leached from lapilli and ash-sized pyroclastic material can affect water and soil quality. Understanding these processes is essential for volcanic risk management and environmental protection.
To address these issues, we collected and analysed tephra samples throughout the eruption, applying dynamic image analysis (DIA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction, and batch leaching tests. DIA proved highly effective compared to laser diffraction for detecting ultrafine particles relevant to health hazards. SEM revealed diverse morphologies, including fluidal shards and Pele’s hairs, and identified salts such as fluorides and sulfates on particle surfaces. Leaching experiments showed the rapid release of sulfates, chlorides, fluorides, and nitrates, with potential implications for groundwater and ecosystems. multivariate statistical analysis linked these soluble phases to magmatic volatiles and eruptive dynamics, which evolved through six stages marked by lava compositional changes and intermittent phreatomagmatic activity.
Our findings show that tephra from mafic eruptions, though less explosive than silicic events, can have a significant environmental impact. These results inform hazard assessments, guide civil protection strategies, and highlight the need for continuous monitoring of water quality and air pollution during and after eruptions. Ultimately, this research supports better preparedness for future volcanic crises and contributes to safeguarding public health and ecosystems.
This research was supported by the Canary Islands Smart Specialisation Strategy (RIS3 Extended 2021–2027) through the NEVA2 project (ProID2024010012), funded by the Canary Islands Agency for Research, Innovation and Information Society (ACIISI) and co-funded by the European Union under the Canary Islands ERDF Programme 2021–2027. Additional support was provided by the MESVOL Project (SD RD 1078/2021 LA PALMA) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, the LAJIAL Project (PGC2018‑101027‑B‑I00; MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and ERDF “A way of making Europe”), Project PID2022‑139990NB‑I00 (MCIU), and a pre‑doctoral fellowship (FPU20/05157). Institutional support was provided by the GEOVOL research group (iUNAT, ULPGC) and Structure and Dynamics of the Earth (Generalitat de Catalunya, 2021 SGR 00413).
How to cite: Perez-Torrado, F. J., Fernandez-Turiel, J. L., Rodriguez-Gonzalez, A., Benavente, D., Cabrera, M. C., Estévez, E., García-Martínez, N., Lobo, A., and Paris, R.: Analysing how the properties of tephra from the 2021 Tajogaite eruption affected the environment in La Palma, Canary Islands, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-3467, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-3467, 2026.
The dissemination of knowledge about natural hazards is one of the most powerful tools for reducing risk and strengthening the resilience of communities exposed to natural threats. Effective risk communication—accurate, accessible, and scientifically sound—is the foundation for awareness and sustainable land management. Building a true culture of risk requires long-term education that involves all social groups, starting with the younger generations.
Schools play a central role in this process, as they are the most effective channel to shape awareness and promote a balanced relationship between humans and the environment. As formal educational institutions, they not only provide scientific understanding but also foster confidence in research and in the value of culture. Alongside schools, scientific institutions that monitor and study hazardous natural phenomena have the responsibility to complement research with outreach and educational initiatives, ensuring that knowledge reaches all parts of society.
Recently, science museums and Science Centers became vital actors in this mission. Evolving from traditional exhibition spaces into interactive learning environments, they now engage a wide and diverse public through digital and multimedia tools. This transformation made scientific knowledge more accessible and appealing, supporting a deeper public understanding of natural processes and associated risks.
Within this framework, the Vesuvius Observatory of the Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV), stands as an exemplary case. Founded in 1841 by King Ferdinand II of Bourbon, it is the world’s oldest volcano observatory. Its primary mission is the monitoring of the active volcanoes of the Neapolitan area through an advanced surveillance network. Its historic building on the western slope of Vesuvius also houses a museum that preserves valuable scientific and artistic collections, including early instruments, minerals, rocks, paintings, photographs, and films documenting volcanic eruptions. Permanent exhibitions and multimedia installations lead visitors through the history of Vesuvius and the origins of volcano monitoring, making the museum both a scientific archive and a tool for public education.
The Observatory also contributed to other cultural initiatives, such as the geological section of the Archaeological Museum of Villa Arbusto (Ischia, Naples). This exhibition presents rocks and fossils collected by archaeologist Giorgio Buchner and illustrates the close relationship among archaeology, volcanology and environmental studies on the island. Through panels, multimedia displays, and reconstructions of archaeological excavations, visitors explore the geological evolution of Ischia and its long interaction with human settlements, learning how natural forces shaped history and culture.
Another major achievement is the creation of the Museum of the Vesuvius National Park in Boscoreale (Naples). Conceived as one of the main cultural and tourist centers of the area, the museum combines science, environment, and heritage. Its exhibits—panels, dioramas, videos, and interactive installations—guide visitors through the volcanic processes that formed the landscape, its ecosystems, and the ways in which human civilizations used local resources.
By integrating scientific, historical, and cultural perspectives, these initiatives transform museums into permanent centers for education and volcanic risk mitigation, fostering public awareness, promoting respect for the environment, and contributing to a more informed and resilient society.
How to cite: de Vita, S. and Di Vito, M. A.: Mitigating Volcanic Risk through Knowledge Dissemination and Awareness Raising: The Experience of the Museums Operated by the Vesuvius Observatory (INGV), EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-5308, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-5308, 2026.
The educational program “Canary Islands: A Volcanic Window in the Atlantic” represents a cornerstone of INVOLCAN’s long-term commitment to strengthening public safety and societal resilience through geo-education. Launched in 2008, the initiative emerged from the need to institutionalize a culture of prevention among the population of the Canary Islands. By providing continuous and structured information on volcanic hazards, risk mitigation strategies, and the socio-environmental benefits of inhabiting a volcanic territory, the program aims to improve public understanding of volcanic risk and enhance community response capacities.
Sustained outreach activities are essential for fostering a “volcano-ready” society. This educational approach supports a shift from a predominantly reactive posture— particularly vulnerable to the uncertainties associated with eruptive crises —towards a proactive, informed, and prepared community. Recent global and regional crises have further underscored the societal value of prevention-oriented education. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted worldwide vulnerabilities in risk perception and crisis preparedness, while the eruptions of Tagoro (El Hierro, 2011) and Tajogaite (La Palma, 2021) profoundly reshaped public awareness of volcanic risk in the Canary Islands.
In the specific context of Tenerife, this commitment is aligned with the Canarian Regional Volcanic Risk Management Plan (PEVOLCA) and the island-specific PAIV guidelines, which require civil protection administrations to implement and sustain annual public education programs. With nearly one million permanent residents and a substantial transient population associated with year-round tourism, Tenerife presents a complex demographic context that amplifies volcanic risk exposure. This reality reinforces the need for sustained public education as a core component of effective risk reduction and civil protection strategies.
INVOLCAN has led the development of educational sessions designed to translate complex geoscientific processes into accessible knowledge tailored for a broad and diverse audience. The program’s impact in Tenerife is reflected in a cumulative participation of around 15,000 individuals since its inception. This sustained level of engagement highlights the central role of education as a strategic instrument for long-term volcanic risk reduction. Ultimately, the program illustrates that broadening access to scientific knowledge is a key factor in building resilient communities that can safely coexist with the volcanic hazards inherent to the Atlantic archipelago.
How to cite: Leal-Moreno, V. J., García-Hernández, R., Afonso-Falcón, D., Ortega-Ramos, V., Rodríguez Rodríguez, Ó., Alonso-González, A., de los Ríos-Díaz, H., M. van Dorth, D., D. Padilla, G., A. Hernández, P., and M. Pérez, N.: “Canary Islands, a Volcanic Window into the Atlantic”: an INVOLCAN's Commitment to Public Awareness of Volcanic Risk in Tenerife, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-11426, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-11426, 2026.
Risk communication is a core component of non-structural prevention strategies, especially in densely populated areas exposed to natural hazards characterised by scientific and forecasting uncertainty. The Phlegraean Fields area (Southern Italy) has recently experienced renewed bradyseismic activity, with earthquakes perceived by the population. This area lies on a caldera where approximately 500.000 people are directly exposed to volcanic risk (Red Zone). In response to bradyseism, a specific Communication Plan for the population has been prepared starting from October 2023 (Legislative Decree no. 140/2023).
The Plan provides an example of how information and education campaigns can operate in contexts dominated by uncertainty, enhancing public understanding of risk and supporting the adoption of informed behaviours. The operational context is complicated by the coexistence of multiple risk scenarios, including bradyseismic activity and potential volcanic eruptions, distinct civil protection planning frameworks, scientific uncertainty regarding the evolution of the phenomena, and the absence of deterministic temporal thresholds.
In such contexts, journalistic information is often shaped by models designed for news reporting and post-event narration, notably the “Five Ws” rule (Who, What, When, Where, Why). While effective for describing events that have already occurred, this paradigm proves inadequate when applied to risk communication in preventive phases. This inadequacy becomes particularly salient in light of the conceptual shift introduced by Law No. 225/1992 and the Civil Protection Code of 2018, which place non-structural prevention at the centre of civil protection action. In uncertainty-dominated scenarios such as the Phlegraean Fields, the absence of continuous communication may contribute to mistrust towards institutions.
This contribution analyses how the application of the Five Ws rule to risk communication, has influenced the adoption of more conscious behaviours by citizens, even within a context made complex by the ongoing bradyseismic crisis. The analysis is grounded in a conceptual distinction between emergency information and risk education, integrating institutional communication practices developed within civil protection systems with evidence derived from public responses. Communication is interpreted through a two-way communication paradigm, in which citizen feedback represents a resource for adapting communication strategies.
The case study examines communication actions implemented during recent phases of bradyseismic activity in the Phlegraean Fields, analysing user reactions on the Facebook page of the Campania Region Civil Protection and other relevant pages, including comments, reactions and shares, as well as behaviours observed during civil protection exercises (EXE Flegrei). These qualitative data were analysed to identify risk perception, emotional responses, trust in institutions and behavioural intentions.
The findings suggest that communication strategies which extend beyond the conventional Five Ws, focusing on ex ante explanations of phenomena, processes, and probabilities, and using simple language tailored to different audiences, foster constructive public participation, leading to a deeper understanding of risk and increased reliance on official sources. The contribution highlights the need for an evolution in risk communication practices, advocating a preventive and contextualised application of the Five Ws framework. The Campi Flegrei case also offers insights for other long-term uncertainty-driven risk contexts, providing indications for institutional communicators engaged in building informed and resilient-communities
How to cite: Di Vito, M. A., Giulivo, I., Cimadomo, B., and De Paola, V.: The “Five Ws” rule as a risk communication tool: the Campi Flegrei case study (Southern Italy)., EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-21708, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-21708, 2026.
Lava deltas formed during monogenetic eruptions represent hazardous coastal environments due to rapid land construction, magma–water interactions, unstable lava fronts, gas emissions and recurrent gravitational collapses. While these processes pose significant dangers during eruptive phases, lava deltas commonly remain unstable for years to decades, resulting a source of post-eruptive volcanic and coastal hazards.
The 2021 eruption of the Tajogaite volcano on La Palma led to the formation of two new lava deltas on the western coast of Cumbre Vieja volcanic ridge, highlighting the rapid emergence of new hazardous environments. Notably, one of these deltas partially overlies a pre-existing lava delta formed during the 1949 eruption of the San Juan volcano, illustrating the superposition of eruptive events and the cumulative nature of lava-delta hazards over time. This diachronic coastal construction emphasises that lava-delta hazards are not confined to eruptive phases but persist well into post-eruptive periods coupled with the effects of sea level rise in the current climate change scenario.
Recent lava deltas coexist with emblematic historical and prehistoric examples across the Canary Islands, including, for instance, the lava delta formed during the 1706 eruption of the Arenas Negras volcano that affected the town of Garachico on Tenerife, the Pleistocene lava delta on which the city of Arrecife (Lanzarote) is currently built, and several lava deltas along the southern coast of El Hierro associated with Quaternary pahoehoe lava flows.
After the 2021 eruption, the two new lava deltas were requested in 2022 to be included as Natural Monuments for protection under Spanish Law 42/2007, being one of the best-preserved lava delta’s worldwide examples. Unfortunately, the lava deltas and other areas with high-scientific and cultural value remains unprotected and have already been damaged. In addition, these sites demonstrate the long-term persistence of structural instability, marine erosion and localised gas emissions, representing enduring sources of risk in inhabited or highly visited areas.
Within the framework of the “Canary Islands: Destination of Volcanoes” initiative, many of these lava deltas are included as geosites in the Spanish National Inventory of Geosites (IELIG). Notably, numerous tourist beaches in the Canary Islands archipelago are situated on these lava deltas, further enhancing their appeal and contributing significantly to the geosites’ tourist value. Beyond their scientific value, their designation as geosites offers significant potential for improving geological knowledge and enhancing risk perception among both visitors and local communities, particularly in post-eruptive landscapes where geohazards may be underestimated.
This contribution highlights lava deltas as key geosites but often underestimated eruptive and post-eruptive hazards in volcanic coastal environments and argues for the integration of volcanic and coastal hazard assessment with geoheritage recognition, land-use planning, and risk communication strategies in active volcanic regions.
Sub-Project 1 ‘Canary Islands, destiny of Volcanoes’ is funded by PROMOTUR SA through (Next Generation EU funds), PRTR. 2024krQ00nnn, carried out within the framework of the agreement between Promotur Turismo Canarias, S.A., and the CSIC, Univ. of La Laguna, Fundación Canaria General of the Univ. of La Laguna, and Univ. of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.
How to cite: Sáez-Gabarrón, L., Vegas, J., Siqueira, T., Marrero, R., Sánchez, N., Dorado, O., Sanz-Mangas, D., and Galindo, I.: Lava deltas in the Canary Islands as geotourism resources: geoheritage value and risk-informed management in volcanic coastal environments, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-18923, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-18923, 2026.
The Somma–Vesuvius area represents an ideal setting to investigate the crustal deformation budget in volcanic environments characterized by low-magnitude seismicity and predominantly aseismic processes. In this study, we compare surface strain derived from GNSS geodetic observations with seismic strain estimated from the local earthquake catalogue, with the aim of quantifying the fraction of deformation released aseismically. The objective is to assess the degree of coupling between observed deformation and seismic release, and to provide constraints on the physical processes controlling the deformational dynamics of the volcanic edifice. The GNSS velocity field, obtained from the permanent stations operating in the Vesuvian area over the last twenty years and forming part of the NeVoCGPS network for monitoring the Neapolitan volcanic area, reveals a clear signal of subsidence around the Gran Cono, with vertical rates on the order of a few mm/yr and smaller horizontal components. From these velocities, the average surface strain tensor was computed, highlighting a predominantly compressive regime and the corresponding strain rate. By integrating the strain rate over the observation period, a total accumulated strain is obtained that is significantly higher than the value typically observed in low-deformation tectonic settings. Alongside this, seismic strain was estimated using the local seismicity catalogue, which is characterized by low-magnitude events (MD < 3) and an overall limited energy release. The cumulative Benioff strain, calculated as the sum of the square roots of the seismic energy of individual events, is found to be markedly lower than the total strain derived from GNSS data. The comparison between total strain and seismic strain indicates that the large part of the deformation observed in the Somma–Vesuvius area is released aseismically. This discrepancy is not interpreted as a strain deficit, but rather as clear evidence that deformation is dominated by non-brittle processes, such as compaction, sliding, including flank instability, and gravitational stress. These results highlight the importance of integrating geodetic and seismological data to improve the interpretation of deformation in volcanic contexts and demonstrate how the quantification of the aseismic fraction represents a key tool for distinguishing between tectonic and volcano-controlled deformation, with important implications for the hazard monitoring.
How to cite: Tammaro, U., Convertito, V., De Martino, P., Martino, C., Brandi, G., Dolce, M., Iorio, A., and Scarpato, G.: GNSS and Seismic Strain Reveal Predominantly Aseismic Deformation at Somma–Vesuvius., EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-13456, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-13456, 2026.
Early engagement in Earth science and risk education is crucial, as interests and perceptions developed during childhood strongly influence future scientific literacy, risk awareness, and preparedness. In volcanic regions, education and science–society initiatives play a key role not only in knowledge transfer but also in enhancing risk perception and awareness, preparation, and capacity. In this sense, Spain provides a particularly relevant context for exploring these approaches, as it hosts active volcanic systems with contrasting characteristics. The Canary Islands represent an oceanic island setting with recent eruptive activity, and a large exposed population, including both permanent residents and transient visitors. In contrast, the Garrotxa Volcanic Field (NE Iberian Peninsula) is a distributed volcanic field with low eruptive frequency, long repose periods, and a densely populated landscape where volcanic risk is often perceived as remote. These differences pose distinct challenges for risk communication, education, and preparedness.
In response, a range of educational and outreach tools are being developed, combining storytelling, visual media, digital resources, and place-based engagement. Here we analyze the impact of two initiatives carried out in these two volcanic areas. First, we present The Volkis, an illustrated book series that introduces volcanic processes, hazards, and impacts to young audiences through accessible and engaging formats. The book series is supported by the interactive website https://descubrelosvolcanes.es, which offers videos, hands-on experiments, and printable activities, aiming to make science education entertaining, accessible, and interactive, fostering learning not only for children but also for the adults accompanying them. The latest volume, “The Volkis: An Adventure in La Palma”, was developed through a co-creation process with teachers from areas affected by the 2021 La Palma eruption, ensuring that the content responds to the specific educational needs of primary and secondary school students. The book uses this last eruption in the Canary Islands as a real-world case study to explore eruptive precursors, volcanic hazards, and societal impacts, linking scientific understanding with lived experience. Second, we present “Viviendo entre volcanes” (Living among volcanoes)(https://appliedvolcanology.eu/viviendo-entre-volcanes/), a participatory science communication project developed in the Garrotxa Volcanic Field. The project combines a mobile exhibition, a short documentary featuring testimonies from diverse local stakeholders, a pedagogic guide, and a digital book to evaluate and address scientific knowledge gaps and social perceptions of volcanic risk among local communities. Previous surveys of residents and visitors inform the content and structure of these materials, helping identify prevailing myths, knowledge needs, and perceptions of volcanic hazards, preparedness, and resilience.
All materials produced within the two initiatives are freely available for download, and usage metrics highlight their relevance and applicability in everyday life, as well as in educational and community training activities. Together, these initiatives illustrate how integrating creative educational formats and participatory approaches can enhance early education, risk awareness, and societal preparedness in regions with very different volcanic systems and exposure levels. The Spanish experience highlights the importance of adapting communication strategies to both the nature of the volcanic system and the characteristics of the population at risk.
How to cite: Geyer, A., Aulinas, M., and Schamuells, N. and the Volkis La Palma and "Viviendo entre volcanes" team: From volcanic processes to societal preparedness: Educational approaches in Spain, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-8012, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-8012, 2026.
