Semi-arid regions are among the most vulnerable environments to climate change, characterized by limited water resources, high hydrological variability, and susceptibility to extreme events such as droughts, heatwaves, and intense precipitation. These extremes pose severe threats to water security, ecosystem stability, and socio-economic development. A critical yet not fully understood driver of this variability is the remote and local influence of ocean-atmosphere interactions (e.g., ENSO, IPO, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, Indian Ocean Dipole) on the energy and water cycles of these regions.