It is essential to understand how evolving processes interact at a system-wide level and how adaptation measures, both nature-based and conventional, can inform management strategies. This session bridges the gap between past records and future evolution by integrating insights from Quaternary geological archives, essential for reconstructing responses to relative sea-level change, with present-day process studies and predictive modelling. By connecting longer-term records with contemporary observations, we aim to place ongoing changes in context and inform sustainable adaptation strategies.
The research presented encompasses inter- and transdisciplinary work focused on the fluvial-to-marine transition zone including the hydrology and geomorphology of changing coastal, deltaic, and estuarine environments across timescales. It includes studies focused on adaptation, restoration, and management strategies, along with the reconstruction of Quaternary sea-level through geological and geomorphological proxies. The session provides a comprehensive overview of the processes and timescales that have shaped, and will continue to shape deltaic, estuarine, and coastal systems.
Orals: Fri, 8 May, 10:45–12:30 | Room -2.20
Delta sustainability is threatened by rising sea levels, diminishing sediment supplies, and widespread environmental change. Addressing these challenges requires integrating science and engineering approaches across vast spatial and temporal scales, for example, from individual bars to the entire delta system, and from years to millennia. Open-source models and software development offer a strategic opportunity to accelerate this collaboration. In this paper, we demonstrate how community-built tools can be chained together to rapidly evaluate delta sustainability. As a case study, we leverage the extensibility of the pyDeltaRCM numerical model to evaluate how shallow subsidence, driven by delta sediments compacting unconsolidated bay muds, affects land-building processes. Central to this workflow is sandsuet, a shareable data schema designed to package and share rasterized geomorphology data, and a core component of the sandpiper toolchain. This schema integrates with sandplover, a Python package for reproducible spatiotemporal analysis of depositional environments. With the sandpiper toolchain, we identify the specific conditions under which delta substrate compaction does, and does not, hinder land-building projects. We then apply these insights to the Mississippi River Delta, and find that its substrate and surface network characteristics respond similarly with and without shallow subsidence. While compaction is likely, it is unlikely to diminish the land-building potential of restoration projects. This example illustrates that a community-driven, open-source approach can facilitate the long-term conservation of global deltaic systems.
How to cite: Moodie, A., Shi, Z., Barefoot, E., Hutton, E., Nguyen, C., and Wickert, A.: Leveraging the open-source sandpiper toolchain to evaluate how shallow compaction affects land-building and delta sustainability, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-11609, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-11609, 2026.
River deltas are densely populated, ecologically vital landscapes threatened by rising sea levels. Distributary channel networks disperse sediment to build deltaic land, yet the relationship between the organization of distributary networks and deltaic land building remains elusive. Inspired by Hack’s law, which shows that watershed drainage area scales with channel length in tributary networks, we analyzed a global dataset of distributary networks and found a nearly identical scaling relationship between distributary channel length and nourishment area, the land-building counterpart to drainage area. Despite this apparent global scaling, we further identified two distinct local land-building patterns: Uniform Delta Networks consistently follow Hack’s law, while Composite Delta Networks exhibit a scale break, transitioning from space-filling growth around the delta apex to quasi-linear growth near the coast. The unexpected growth patterns suggest that global simplicity and local variability coexist in how river deltas grow and organize.
How to cite: Dong, T., Vulis, L., Ma, H., Tejedro, A., and Goudge, T.: Apparent Hack’s Law in River Deltas, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-22156, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-22156, 2026.
Highly sinuous meandering channels are a defining feature of tidal coastal wetlands, yet their morphodynamic behavior remains far less understood than that of their fluvial counterparts. For decades, tidal meanders have been considered fundamentally different from river meanders, largely because coastal landscapes appear to lack the classic morphological signatures of active meandering, such as cutoffs, oxbow lakes, and scroll bars. This apparent absence has reinforced the idea that bidirectional tidal flows and strong eco-geomorphic feedbacks suppress fluvial-style bend evolution in intertidal environments. Recent observations of rapid channel migration in tidal wetlands, however, challenge this view and suggest that tidal meanders may be far more dynamically similar to rivers than traditionally assumed.
Here we combine field observations, remote sensing, and numerical modeling to investigate the planform evolution of meandering tidal channels across global coastal wetland biomes. Our goal is to resolve a long-standing paradox: if tidal meanders are dynamically migrating features, why do their landscapes appear to lack the geomorphic footprints of active meandering?
A global-scale analysis shows that tidal meander cutoffs are widespread, but are rarely preserved in forms that are easily recognizable in the field or in aerial imagery. Besides being generally small in size, tidal cutoffs are – unlike river meanders - seldom fully disconnected from the parent channel: high channel density and strong hydrological connectivity promote frequent reattachment and reworking of cutoff bends. Second, cutoff meanders are typically rapidly filled, due to high suspended sediment concentrations and intense biological activity. Vertical accretion rates in these former channels exceed those of surrounding marshes by an order of magnitude, leading to swift burial of cutoff morphologies. As a result, the crescent-shaped oxbow lakes so typical of fluvial plains are replaced in tidal wetlands by ephemeral, sediment-filled depressions that are rapidly colonized by vegetation and hence difficult to identify as formerly active streams.
Despite these differences in preservation, the geometric properties of tidal and fluvial cutoffs are remarkably similar, indicating that the same curvature-driven instabilities govern bend growth and cutoff in both environments. This conclusion is supported by a global analysis of tidal meander migration, which shows that vegetation strongly modulates migration rates—but not the underlying mechanism. Channels in unvegetated tidal flats migrate much faster than those in marshes and mangroves, yet their planform evolution follows the same fluvial-like rules.
These findings have important implications for coastal wetland evolution, restoration, and carbon cycling. Because abandoned tidal channels act as hotspots of sediment and organic matter accumulation, they represent previously unrecognized sinks of blue carbon. Moreover, the recognition that tidal meanders obey the same physical laws as river meanders allows established river morphodynamic models to be extended to coastal wetlands, enabling more robust predictions of coastal wetland eco-morphodynamic evolution.
Overall, our findings overturn the long-standing view that tidal meanders are morphodynamically distinct from fluvial ones, revealing them instead as fully dynamic, migrating geomorphic features whose signatures are masked by the unique eco-geomorphic processes of tidal landscapes.
How to cite: Finotello, A.: Rethinking Tidal Meanders: Dynamic Evolution and Eco-Morphodynamic Impacts, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-10481, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-10481, 2026.
Tidal networks are pervasive features of salt marsh landscapes and exert primary control on ecomorphodynamic processes by regulating water and sediment exchange as well as nutrient fluxes. Given their crucial role and the rapid pace of sea-level rise, evolving sediment dynamics, subsidence, and continued anthropogenic disturbance, there is a pressing need to better understand how these networks behave. However, while considerable effort has been devoted to understanding the hydrodynamics and morphodynamic evolution of tidal channels and their networks, a substantial knowledge gap persists regarding the initiation of small-scale, low-order channels (sensu Horton) that constitute the most capillary component of these networks. In particular, it remains unclear whether these minor channels can develop directly on marsh surfaces or whether they are inherited from pre-existing tidal-flat channels that persist as tidal flats transition into salt marshes through biophysically driven vertical aggradation. As such, identifying the environment in which tidal channels originate is fundamental to advancing our understanding of their formative mechanisms.
The present work investigates tidal creeks draining the salt marshes of the Venice Lagoon (Northeastern Italy) with the aim of determining whether they are more likely to initiate directly on the marsh platform or instead represent inherited features from tidal flats. The Venice Lagoon is the largest Mediterranean brackish-water system, characterized by an average tidal range of about 1 m. Its salt marshes host a dense network of tidal channels that exhibits a well-developed meandering pattern, even in the most peripheral elements. This study focuses on point bars associated with channels ranging from 0.5 m to 3 m in width, aiming to identify the sedimentary environment in which each bar nucleated. Sedimentary cores were collected along transects aligned with the axes of meander bends, and facies analysis of cores from 39 transects allowed the recognition of five main depositional units: salt-marsh, point-bar, channel-lag, early salt-marsh, and tidal-flat deposits. The nature of the deposits (salt-marsh, early salt-marsh, or tidal-flat) hosting the nucleation point—that is, the onset of bar sediment accumulation—provides insight into the environment in which the associated channel began to develop.
Our results show that most channel bars originate within early salt-marsh deposits, indicating that channel dynamics were initiated near the transition between tidal-flat and salt-marsh environments, when pioneer halophytic vegetation first colonized the substrate. At this stage, vegetation was sufficiently developed to stabilize the sediment, enabling efficient channel incision and the formation of an incipient point bar. Collectively, these findings support the view that low-order salt-marsh channels can arise through multiple developmental pathways and that such differing origins leave distinct stratigraphic signatures, allowing them to be readily distinguished through the sedimentary record.
How to cite: Baccarin, M., Uguagliati, F., Puppin, A., Finotello, A., D’Alpaos, A., and Ghinassi, M.: Pathways of Channel Initiation in Salt-Marsh Tidal Networks: A Sedimentological Perspective, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-1141, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-1141, 2026.
Process-based sediment transport models can accurately reproduce estuarine sediment dynamics when boundary fluxes, bed properties, and spatially resolved sediment characteristics are well constrained; however, such information is rarely available in most coastal systems. Sediment fluxes at the ocean boundary are commonly unconstrained, riverine sediment inputs are typically estimated from stage–discharge relationships combined with reference concentrations rather than measured continuously, and bottom sediment properties are seldom resolved at high spatial resolution. These limitations hinder robust quantification of suspended sediment redistribution in intertidal estuaries. Here, suspended sediment balance is evaluated in Plum Island Sound (Massachusetts, USA), a mesotidal estuary, by integrating surface suspended sediment concentration (SSC) derived from Sentinel-2 MSI imagery (10 m resolution) with numerical simulations of hydrodynamics. We implemented the depth-integrated suspended sediment balance under quasi-steady conditions during satellite overpasses for erosion-deposition distribution. Six hydrodynamic configurations are analyzed, defined by tidal phase (flood or ebb), river discharge magnitude (high or low), and wind forcing (calm or high wind). The results reveal pronounced tidal asymmetry in sediment redistribution, with flood and ebb tides producing spatially distinct erosion and deposition patterns, particularly within channel bends. Elevated river discharge increases SSC in the upper estuary but does not generate substantial downstream redistribution under calm conditions, whereas wind-driven events induce widespread resuspension and enhanced sediment redistribution across the system. This work demonstrates how coupling remote sensing observations with hydrodynamic modeling enables geomorphologically analysis of suspended sediment balance in estuarine environments.
How to cite: Palacios, J., Lin, H., Fichot, C., and Fagherazzi, S.: Suspended Sediment Dynamics in a Mesotidal Estuarine Channel Revealed by Numerical Modeling and Remote Sensing of Sediment Concentrations, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-1962, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-1962, 2026.
As the most important contributor to tidal asymmetry along open coasts, the asymmetry caused by interaction between astronomical tides M2, O1 and K1 has received less attention with respect to its impact on sediment transport and long-term morphological evolution. This study aims to clarify how different tidal asymmetry, particularly those associated with M2, O1 and K1, influence sediment transport and tidal flat morphology. We employ a process-based numerical tool (Delf3D) in a short tidal basin with simplified geometry and bathymetry. Different combination of tidal constituents, which produce asymmetry while preserving the same peak velocity, are imposed at the open boundary by varying amplitudes and phase differences.
Our results show that, in the presence of both sand and mud, channel networks under ebb-dominated conditions are developed primarily through sand erosion, whereas under flood-dominated condition they develop mainly through mud accretion. Sand transport is more sensitive to velocity asymmetry while mud transport responds to both velocity and spatial lag effect which represents energy gradient. Consequently, under ebb-dominated conditions, the deepest and longest channel network occurs in the scenario forced by M2 and M4 at the boundary, where prolonged periods of high velocity are present. Under flood-dominated condition, longer, deeper and more efficient channels occur in scenarios dominated by M2, O1 and K1 interaction with higher degree of asymmetry. A milder upper slope enhances ebb currents, thereby strengthening ebb dominance but weakening flood dominance; this leads to elongation and deepening channel networks under ebb-dominated conditions but shorter channels under flood-dominated conditions. Because tidal form number F correlates strongly with astronomical tides M2, S2, O1 and K1, our findings provide insight into tidal flats morphodynamics across mixed to predominately diurnal tidal regimes.
How to cite: Luo, X., Van Rooijen, A., Raj David, D., Lowe, R., Hipsey, M., Van Maren, B., Dijkstra, J., and Boersma, J.: Morphodynamic evolution of sand–mud tidal flats under tidal constituent asymmetry, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-2235, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-2235, 2026.
Sea-level reconstructions are essential for evaluating models of ice-sheet stability and climate change, but their interpretation is often confounded by sea-level signals produced by multiple processes, including the Earth’s deformation in response to sediment loading. Here we show that accounting for sediment isostasy resolves long-standing inconsistencies among Marine Isotopic Stage (MIS) 5a and 5e sea-level records from the Río de la Plata estuary, reducing mismatches by up to an order of magnitude. This result demonstrates that regional sedimentary histories can bias relative sea-level estimates by several meters compared with conventional approaches based only on glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA). We also show that sediment loading has affected relative sea level across the Holocene and may continue to influence present-day tide-gauge observations in the region. Together, these findings emphasize the need for regionally detailed sedimentation histories rather than reliance on global compilations alone, and they motivate expanded shelf coring and seismic surveying.
How to cite: Rovere, A., Pico, T., Tagliaro, G., Cerrone, C., Lämmle, L., Peres Filho, A., Rubio-Sandoval, K., Jovane, L., Mitrovica, J. X., Piecuch, C. G., and Scicchitano, G.: The effect of sediment loading from the Río de la Plata: driving regional sea-level variability, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-17439, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-17439, 2026.
The morphology of some lithified wind-blown, carbonate dunes in The Bahamas preserves the signature of erosion from paleo-marine processes: wave-induced swash, scarping, and longshore transport. Digital elevation models were used to distinguish between two dune morphotypes—those disconnected via versus connected to beach processes. Dune sinuosity and upwind slope were quantified and used to interpret which dunes remained beach-attached and subject to marine erosion and processes versus dunes that became disconnected from the shoreline via inland migration or shoreline regression. Disconnected dunes possess low slopes over stoss surfaces with sinuous planforms mimicking their crestlines. Beach-connected foredunes preserve steep, kilometers-long linear upwind faces, which are interpreted to be signatures of beach-dune morphodynamics. Foredune morphology serves as a proxy for shoreline position during past sea-level high-stands, while the basal elevations of their stoss dune toes provide an upper limit on the beach and adjacent sea level. A growing library of digital topography will allow for this tool to be used to interpret global paleo-shoreline positions through time and space.
How to cite: Wilson, K. and Mohrig, D.: Signatures of Pleistocene Marine Transgression Preserved in Lithified Coastal Dune Morphology of The Bahamas, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-5850, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-5850, 2026.
Top-cliff boulder deposits represent one of the most extreme and debated geomorphological expressions of high-energy coastal processes, as their emplacement requires sustained overtopping of cliffs during coastal flooding. Occurring several metres above mean sea level and well beyond the reach of ordinary wave run-up, top-cliff boulder deposits are particularly sensitive indicators of extreme wave events. In this study, we investigate top-cliff boulder deposits atop a 10‑meter‑high cliff in south-eastern Sicily by integrating geomorphological observations with hydrodynamic modelling for both present and Last Interglacial forcing conditions. Hydrodynamic modelling was used to simulate extreme wave events that can cause coastal flooding and wave flow under tropical-like cyclone and tsunami scenarios. To evaluate the geomorphological effects of these extreme wave events, we modelled the current scenarios under the present-day sea level. In contrast, Last Interglacial scenarios incorporate elevated relative sea level and intensified hurricane and tsunami forcings to evaluate wave flow needed for top-cliff deposit emplacement. The results reflect a scenario with a Last Interglacial post-highstand regressive phase, highlighting the role of sea-level-controlled boundary conditions in enabling extreme coastal flooding and inland boulder transport. Our results indicate that Mediterranean top-cliff boulder deposits reflect the effectiveness of extreme waves acting under specific boundary conditions, rather than the absolute magnitude of the waves themselves, with relative sea level exerting a first-order control on coastal impact.
How to cite: Scardino, G., Miglietta, M. M., Alberti, T., Anzidei, M., Kushabaha, A., Nandasena, A. N., and Scicchitano, G.: Top-cliff boulder deposits as geomorphological markers of Last Interglacial extreme wave events in the Mediterranean: evidence from south-eastern Sicily, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-7002, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-7002, 2026.
ABSTRACT: The Mediterranean basin is a climatically sensitive transition zone between mid-latitude and subtropical circulation regimes, where modest forcing can produce pronounced hydroclimatic and coastal impacts (Ben Ameur et al., 2019 and 2022 and 2024). Here we investigate Late Holocene marine and hydrological variability along the arid Tunisian margin using a sediment archive from the Oued El Fedj delta (western shore of the semi-enclosed Boughrara Lagoon, Gulf of Gabès). A 268 cm long sediment core was retrieved from the downstream deltaic plain and analysed using magnetic susceptibility, grain-size distribution (modal grain size, sorting and frequency-curve partitioning), and carbonate content, all measured at 1 cm sampling intervals, together with XRF geochemical scanning of major and trace elements on 16 representative samples.
Two intervals show a clear increase in carbonate and marine influence, expressed by upward shifts in CaCO3 and elevated Ca/Ti, Ca/Si, Ca/Al, and Ca/Fe ratios: (i) a carbonate-rich unit at 173–200 cm, tentatively correlated with the Late Holocene highstand/transgressive phase reported for southern Tunisia (~2.5–2.0 ka BP; Paskoff and Sanlaville (1983)), and (ii) an upper unit at 30–57 cm reflecting the ongoing historical-to-modern marine ingression. Both intervals are characterized by poor sorting and polymodal grain-size distributions spanning namely silt (4- 63 µm), very fine (63-125 µm), fine (125- 250 µm), medium (250- 500 µm), and coarse sands (500 µm- 1 mm), consistent with mixed depositional processes in a lagoon–delta setting.
Episodes of intensified fluvial activity are identified by prominent magnetic-susceptibility peaks at 95–140 cm and 20–35 cm, interpreted as enhanced detrital input during high-discharge/flood phases. The older pulse postdates the ~2.5–2.0 ka marine interval and may align with increased hydrological variability during the Dark Ages Cold Period (~1.4–1.0 ka BP) documented in Tunisian sebkha archives, whereas the younger pulse occurs during the recent marine ingression, suggesting coupled relative sea-level rise and flood-driven sediment delivery.
Keywords: Southern Mediterranean; Southeastern Tunisia; Boughrara Lagoon; Late Holocene; relative sea level; flooding event; magnetic susceptibility.
References:
Ameur, M. B., Masmoudi, S., Abichou, A., Medhioub, M., & Yaich, C. (2019). Use of the magnetic, geochemical, and sedimentary records in establishing paleoclimate change in the environment of Sebkha: Case of the SebkhaMhabeul in southeastern Tunisia. Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 351(7), 487-497.
Ben Ameur, M., Masmoudi, S., Omar, H., Ouameni, I., Medhioub, M., & Yaich, C. (2022). Middle to late Holocene sedimentary filling history of the Sebkha el Melah in south-eastern Tunisia. Sedimentology, 69(5), 2348–2366. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1111/ sed.
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Ben Ameur, M., Masmoudi, S., Omar, H., & Yaich, C. (2024). Centennial‑scale flood cyclicity in the second half of Holocene in the southeast Tunisian sediments: paleoenvironmental region gauge between the western and eastern Mediterranean. Journal of Sedimentary Environments, 9, 625–644. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43217-024-00185-7.
Paskoff, R., &Sanlaville, P. (1983). Les côtes de la Tunisie. Variations du niveau marin depuis le Tyrrhénien (Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 0-0). Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée Jean Pouilloux.
How to cite: Ben Ameur, M., Omar, H., Masmoudi, S., and Yaich, C.: Late Holocene marine incursions and hydrological extremes recorded in the Oued El Fedj delta (Boughrara Lagoon, SE Tunisia), EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-2381, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-2381, 2026.
Understanding coastal processes at work under past climates remains key to anticipating future scenarios. The Atlantic Coast of South America preserves records of Plio-Pleistocene and Holocene sea level in elevated marine deposits–especially along the coast of Patagonia in Argentina, where recent efforts have focused on compiling and refining Holocene sea level estimates. Here, we examine the internal structure of Holocene gravel beach deposits within an embayment at Bahía Laura, Argentina, to explore the dynamics at play over the past ~6 ka. Interpretation of over two kilometers of topographically-corrected Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) profiles tells the story of generally consistent regression and progradation associated with falling or stable relative sea level (RSL) since a mid-Holocene highstand. Further, consistent supply of gravelly sediments likely stems from a combination of an eroded Pleistocene terrace perched immediately above the Holocene sequence, reworked near shelf sediments, and fluvial contribution from the south. Erosional surfaces and berm ridges visible within the profiles document high energy storm events and a shift in slope and spacing between radar reflectors along profiles may chronicle changing wave direction, accommodation space, sediment supply, and/or rate of sea level change.
How to cite: Melly, J., Montes, A., Ruiz, P., Gowan, E., Ryan, D. D., Kumar, R., Huang, W., Switzer, A., Goodwin, I., and Rovere, A.: Near subsurface investigations of South Atlantic paleo beach processes at Bahía Laura, Patagonia, Argentina, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-3159, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-3159, 2026.
Coastal dune systems are fundamental transitional geomorphological features that function not only as natural barriers for coastal protection but also as valuable geo-archives capable of recording the evolutionary dynamics of coastal landscapes. Along the Italian coasts, the formation and stabilization of these systems during the Holocene and historical periods have been shaped by a complex interplay between post-glacial sea-level rise, variability in fluvial sediment supply, and increasingly significant anthropogenic impacts. This contribution provides a systematic review of dated coastal dune systems across the Italian peninsula and its major islands. The primary objective is to synthesize current knowledge and establish a consistent chrono-stratigraphic framework. By integrating geomorphological data, radiometric dating (OSL and 14C), geoarchaeological evidence, and historical cartography, this study analyzes the spatial and temporal distribution of dune ridges. This integrated approach allows for the identification of synchronous phases of stabilization and progradation at a regional scale, offering a comprehensive perspective on how Mediterranean shorelines have responded to Late Quaternary forcing factors. A key focus of this ongoing research involves utilizing these dated dune sequences as high-resolution proxies for quantifying coastal progradation rates. By correlating the spatial position of dune bodies with their absolute ages, it is possible to derive estimates of shoreline advancement rates across diverse physiographic settings, such as deltaic lobes, open coastal plains, and embayed sectors. This methodology enables a distinction between periods of rapid progradation often linked to high sediment supply or sea-level stabilization—and phases of coastal stability or erosion. In conclusion, this review demonstrates that the integrated study of Italian coastal dunes is not only essential for paleogeographic reconstruction but also provides vital quantitative parameters (progradation rates) for understanding coastal resilience. Such data are crucial for calibrating evolutionary models in response to contemporary sea-level rise and decreasing sediment delivery, aligning with the core themes of proxy identification and process understanding in past and present interglacials.
How to cite: Corrado, G., Amato, V., De Santis, V., Gioia, D., and Aucelli, P.: Chrono-stratigraphy of Italian coastal dunes: implications for Holocene relative sea-level change and coastal progradation, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-20154, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-20154, 2026.
This study investigates the coastal dune deposits of "Barrier III" along the southern Brazilian coast, and in particular along the coastal area close to Osório and Paranaguá. While traditionally attributed to the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5e highstand, emerging evidence suggests this barrier is a complex system incorporating younger deposits from MIS 5a or even MIS 3. The analyzed sequences consist of aeolianites outcropping up to a few meters above present sea level. To ensure high-resolution spatial accuracy, proxy elevations were measured using a GNSS RTK station and referenced to the local geoid model (MAPGEO2015), maintaining a vertical error margin of a few centimeters.
Through geomorphological, granulometric, and morphoscopic analyses, this research re-evaluates the geochronological framework of these deposits by presenting 19 new Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) ages. The findings address a critical scientific debate: while a broad consensus has long placed sea levels during MIS 5a and 5c several meters below present, recent studies increasingly suggest that sea level at that time may have been closer to, or even above, modern levels in certain regions. This study examines the extent to which eustatic oscillations during these substages, and potentially MIS 3, drove sedimentary dynamics capable of shaping dune systems in positions proximate to the modern shoreline.
How to cite: Cerrone, C., Lämmle, L., Scicchitano, G., Perez Filho, A., Chauveau, D., Dean, S., Georgiou, N., Leone, S., Jovane, L., Tagliaro, G., and Rovere, A.: Late Pleistocene coastal dynamics: Insights from new OSL Chronology of Barrier III aeolianites, Southern Brazil, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-17729, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-17729, 2026.
The İzmir–Dikili coast (NE Aegean Sea, Türkiye) is a key area for studying coastal evolution due to its complex geological, tectonic, and climatic setting.
Beachrocks are widely used as reliable proxies for reconstructing paleo-sea levels and constraining regional relative sea-level (RSL) changes. This study investigates submerged beachrocks and associated archaeological structures, documented for the first time along this coast, to reconstruct Holocene RSL evolution of the region.
We employed an integrated methodology including underwater observations, aerial photogrammetry, coring, petrographic analyses, and radiocarbon dating within a GIS framework. High-resolution bathymetry data revealed continuous submerged beachrock outcrops with a total length of approximately 3.5 km, situated at depths between 0.38 and 1.50 m below the present mean sea level. Petrographic analyses characterized these deposits as carbonate-cemented sandstones and conglomerates. Geomorphologically, the beachrocks exhibit both tabular and deformed block structures. Archaeological remains, such is reported to be a submerged pier, were also documented at compatible depths.
The distribution and depth of these indicators, combined with the regional geology demonstrate a Holocene RSL rise for the Dikili coast. We interpret this trend as being primarily controlled by long-term subsidence of the Dikili Graben. Preliminary calculations suggest a rate of approximately 0.4 mm/yr, pending validation by ongoing radiocarbon dating.
This study establishes a robust framework for integrating geological, geomorphological, and archaeological indicators to investigate Holocene sea-level changes in tectonically active coastal settings. Our findings contribute new and critical data to the regional sea-level database of the Northern Aegean.
This study was supported by TUBITAK 1919B012462336 grant and Istanbul Technical University Research Fund, FLO-2025-47205.
How to cite: Onay, T., Burasoglu, S. F., Tulumen, E. B., Kahvecioglu, A. A., and Tari, U.: Holocene Relative Sea-Level Changes and Coastal Evolution Along the Izmir–Dikili Coast (NE Aegean Sea) Insights from Submerged Beachrocks and Archaeological Evidence, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-9584, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-9584, 2026.
Low-lying coastal estuaries, home for ~60% of the world’s population, are often dredged for navigation. Dredging deepens the estuary channel, hypothetically disturbing the hydro- and morpho-dynamics of an estuary. However, the impact of this activity on the morphological equilibrium state (i.e. balanced state between erosion and deposition) and flood propagation of the estuary leaves a substantial knowledge gap. As such, addressing this gap is fundamental to understanding the tendency of the estuary to bounce back to its morphological equilibrium state (i.e. which part severely needs more sediment), along with hydrodynamic impact on tidal and fluvial floods, especially under current sea-level rise (SLR) projections.
Here, high-resolution bathymetric data from 2016 to 2025 are used to detect morphological changes and to run 2D hydrodynamic simulations under varying tidal and fluvial flood conditions, added with 2100 SLR projection in the Clyde estuary, United Kingdom. In tidal prism theory, scaling between the tidal prism (P) and cross section area (A) represents a dynamic equilibrium state of feedback between tidal channel morphology and hydrodynamics. It is used here to understand the current equilibrium state of the uppermost, anthropogenically constrained part and unconfined, downstream part of the estuary.
In an equilibrium state, erosion and deposition in the system are in balance. Instead model shows that the Clyde estuary has been in a morphological disequilibrium state, during the entire study period. Dredging activity, type of flood, sea-level rise and channel confinement collectively affect the morphological equilibrium state of the Clyde estuary, with the channel confinement showing the most pronounced impact. Dredging and flood type have a minor impact on the downstream morphological equilibrium of the Clyde. In contrast, dredging significantly disrupts the equilibrium of the fully confined upstream section. Although net accretion occurs throughout the system—most strongly in the upstream region—the annual sedimentation rate decreases by approximately a factor of sixteen from 2016-2025. This is because the current disequilibrium state tends to make the system to erode itself. What is the impact of this on flooding? Increased accretion upstream restricts the upstream propagation of the tidal flood, thereby reducing the overall extent of tidal inundation. However, the associated reduction in upstream cross-sectional area increases the extent of fluvial flooding. Under the 2100 SLR projection, assuming the same levels of dredging and estuary shape as today, the estuary gets closer to its morphological equilibrium state. As the sea-level rise delivers more water into the estuary, it increases both the tidal prism volume and the cross-sectional area. Lastly, channel confinement by riverbanks to protect the infrastructure and people from flooding, impacts morphological disequilibrium the most. Channel confinement laterally reduces the cross-section area, making the space available for the flowing water laterally limited and consequently the system adjusts vertically, making it more erosive and increases flood risk. Here we show that tidal prism theory could aid us in understanding the morphological equilibrium state of a dredged estuary, providing us with a useful guideline on sustainable sediment management and flood mitigation under the projected sea-level rise.
How to cite: Prasojo, O. A., Hurst, M. D., Williams, R. D., Naylor, L. A., and Toney, J. L.: Dredging impacts on morphological equilibrium and flood propagation in the Clyde estuary , EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-21315, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-21315, 2026.
Estuaries are highly dynamic landscapes shaped by interactions between tides, rivers and sediments. Natural shifts and anthropogenic interventions, ranging from sea level rise to the damming of major river systems, are disrupting estuaries around the globe. Numerical models are a useful tool to understand the drivers of estuarine change, and previous research successfully quantified the effects of river discharge and sea level rise on estuarine morphology. However, an important limitation remains: most existing numerical modelling studies prescribe river discharge and sediment supply as a constant boundary condition, despite the wide range of hydrological regimes observed in natural systems. The extent to which variability in river discharge, rather than its mean value, controls internal estuarine morphodynamic behaviour and adaptation timescales remains poorly understood.
This study investigates how temporal variability in river discharge and sediment supply influences internal estuarine morphological evolution and the timescales of change. Using an idealized depth-averaged (2DH) Delft3D-FM morphodynamic model, we isolate the effect of variability in river discharge and sediment supply on estuarine morphodynamics. Based on a global hydrological data analysis, three representative forcing scenarios have been developed: constant (baseline), seasonal (periodic), and flashy (intermittent extreme events).
It is hypothesized that high-magnitude, short-duration events act as morphological accelerators, potentially shortening adaptation timescales compared to constant flow regimes. We further explore if thresholds in discharge intermittency can induce non-linear shifts in channel-bar configurations and intertidal area distribution. Such responses may exhibit latency, where the morphological ‘memory’ of a system affects its resilience to changing forcing regimes. By explicitly accounting for hydrological variability, this work advances process-based understanding of estuarine morphodynamics and contributes to improving predictions of estuarine evolution under climate change and increasing anthropogenic pressure.
How to cite: Bonenkamp, M., Baar, A., Nienhuis, J., and Storms, J.: Effect of Variability in River Discharge and Sediment Supply on Morphodynamic Timescales in Estuaries, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-19026, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-19026, 2026.
Macrotidal flats in coastal environments experience complex interactions among hydrodynamic and sedimentary processes and their morphodynamics have been increasingly modified by human activities over recent decades. Because human-driven disturbances in geomorphic evolution are reflected across a range of spatial and temporal scales, identifying the dominant controlling factors driving geomorphic changes is therefore essential for interpreting coastal morphodynamics and predicting future coastal evolution. However, these aspects remain poorly understood in macrotidal environments.
Two macrotidal flats on the west coast of Korea, the Donggeom and the Shinsi tidal flats, which have been heavily impacted by embankment construction and tidal-flat reclamation, were examined to identify the dominant controls on long-term morphodynamic responses to coastal development. Multi-source remote sensing data, including satellite and drone imagery, were used to quantify changes in tidal channel morphology, channel geometry, and surface bedform migration across seasonal to multi-decadal timescales (1975–2025). Seasonal to annual variations in grain-size distributions were analyzed using surface sediment samples to characterize sedimentary processes and surface sediment dynamics.
The Donggeom tidal flat, developed within a deltaic setting with sustained fluvial sediment supply, exhibited increasing channel sinuosity and a transition toward a dendritic and narrower channel network, indicating progressive tidal-flat aggradation. In contrast, the Shinsi tidal flat, which lacks a direct fluvial sediment source, experienced tidal-channel development accompanied by seaward sediment export. Annual grain-size variations indicate that embankment construction enhanced wave exposure and promoted coarser sediment deposition, suggesting intensified sediment reworking and erosion. The contrasting geomorphic responses to coastal development are primarily attributed to differences in sediment availability and local hydrodynamic conditions. These results highlight sediment supply and geomorphic configuration as key controls on the spatial variability of macrotidal flat evolution subjected to long-term human modification.
How to cite: Jo, J., Choi, K., Bang, S., and Park, J.: Long-term geomorphodynamic responses of macrotidal flats to human modification (1975-2025), EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-17153, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-17153, 2026.
Deltas are among the most dynamic and productive landscapes on Earth, shaped by the continuous interaction between physical processes such as river discharge, tides, waves, wind, sediment transport, and biological processes driven by vegetation, benthic organisms, and microbial activity. This interplay, central to the field of biogeomorphology, has built and shaped delta’s worldwide across spatial and temporal scales. In the context of accelerating climate change, sea-level rise, land subsidence, and increasing human intervention, it becomes increasingly important to understand how biological and physical processes interact in deltas. This knowledge is crucial for predicting how resilient deltas are, recognizing when critical changes may occur, and developing effective adaptation strategies.
Delta systems change through interacting physical and biological processes that occur under both normal conditions and extreme events such as floods, storms, and droughts. Organisms can stabilize sediments, modify water flow, and affect erosion and deposition, while changes in landform shape can also create or eliminate habitats. Despite their importance, these processes remain insufficiently quantified, particularly at the scale of an entire delta and during extreme events, due to limitations in long term and integrated observations. Bridging this knowledge gap requires coordinated monitoring that captures slow trends, sudden disturbances, and their cumulative impacts across rivers, estuaries, and coastal dune systems.
Delta-ENIGMA is a new large-scale research infrastructure in the Dutch Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta aimed at transforming and advancing the study of biogeomorphology and delta dynamics. Over a 10-year period (2023-2032), Delta-ENIGMA forms a coherent observation network across key sites in rivers, estuaries, beaches, and dunes, designed to systematically measure interactions between organisms, hydrodynamics, sediment transport, and morphology under both normal and extreme conditions.
Central to this effort is the deployment of state-of-the-art field instrumentation, including high-resolution 3D laser scanners, multibeam echosounders, submerged flow and sediment sensors, wave recorders, phenocams and multispectral drones. These measurements are complemented by targeted observations during extreme events, enabling the capture of high-impact processes that may strongly influence long-term delta evolution. In parallel, Delta-ENIGMA upgrades and develops laboratory facilities such as wind tunnels, mesocosm systems, and advanced bio-morphodynamic flumes to experimentally investigate processes that are difficult or impossible to observe directly in the field but are relevant under future climate scenarios.
To maximize scientific and societal impact, Delta-ENIGMA integrates its observational and experimental facilities within an open, federated data infrastructure and a dedicated knowledge interaction platform. A uniform open-source package will be developed with which data from all Delta-ENIGMA instruments can be read out, quality-controlled, documented with metadata, packaged in uniform data structures, and uploaded to central storage.
Together, these facilities provide researchers and policymakers with unprecedented access to high-quality data, experimental capabilities, and collaborative environments. By linking fundamental biogeomorphological understanding to applied research and innovation, Delta-ENIGMA establishes the Dutch delta as an international super site that is open to researchers internationally for studying delta dynamics and supporting the development of robust, science-based strategies for climate adaptation and sustainable delta management.
How to cite: Ruessink, G., Dutta, S., and Middelkoop, H.: Delta-ENIGMA: advancing biogeomorphology research in deltas through observation and experimentation, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-16989, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-16989, 2026.
Vegetation growth in coastal environments, such as estuaries and deltas, plays an important role in coastal morphology. Gridded hydrodynamic and morphodynamic models typically have options to incorporate constant vegetation effects via a roughness parameter, where taller and denser vegetation is associated with higher roughness that alters flow velocities and sediment transport. In this study we present DYCOVE (DYnamic COastal VEgetation): a flexible, open-source model that couples with physics-based, hydro-(morpho)dynamic models to simulate life-cycle dynamics (colonization, growth, and mortality) of multiple vegetation species in coastal environments. Via interactive coupling, changes in vegetation state provide spatial and temporal updates of friction effects in the physics-based model, creating a dynamic feedback loop. However, vegetation colonization, growth, and mortality depend on accurate modeling of local inundation, flow speeds, and bed level changes, which can be strongly dependent on model grid resolution. Finer grid sizes resolve these physical processes more accurately but are not always feasible due to computational demand, whereas coarser grids may result in topographic smoothing that distorts the hydrodynamic solution. Since vegetation depends on reasonable accuracy of physical processes, any errors in hydrodynamic predictions will affect the vegetation calculations, resulting in potentially compounding errors over several iterations. Using DYCOVE, we quantify errors caused by grid resolution effects and evaluate produced differences in vegetation distributions compared to observations from the Wax Lake Delta in Louisiana, USA. Lastly, we discuss strategies for overcoming limitations and errors related to grid resolution that allow for accurate and efficient prediction of vegetation species cover in coastal environments.
How to cite: Tull, N., Brückner, M., and Passalacqua, P.: Quantifying the compounding effects of grid resolution to improve vegetation predictions in delta models, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-8343, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-8343, 2026.
Abstract
Salt marshes are key components of coastal and estuarine landscapes, providing important ecosystem services including carbon storage, nutrient filtering, and wave attenuation. Currently, marsh sustainability is increasingly threatened by sea-level rise and human pressures such as land reclamation, subsidence, and reduced sediment supply, leading to widespread and accelerating marsh loss worldwide.
Understanding salt-marsh evolution at relevant timescales typically relies on biogeomorphodynamic models that resolve hydrodynamics, sediment transport, and morphological change, coupled with biotic feedbacks from vegetation, which directly affect sediment transport and organic deposition. Vegetation dynamics in these models are commonly based on the assumption that each species has an optimal elevation range where its productivity peaks. This assumption derives from field observations of realized (i.e., observed) ecological niches, which display hump-shaped distributions along marsh elevation gradients.
However, both theoretical and empirical insights now challenge this hypothesis, suggesting that species productivity actually tends to increase monotonically with elevation—following a logistic growth pattern—and that the hump-shaped niches observed in the field are merely the result of interspecific competition. This discrepancy challenges the way vegetation feedbacks are represented in most salt-marsh models and calls for a re-evaluation of how species interactions are incorporated into predictions of marsh evolution.
Here we use a biogeomorphodynamic model that solves hydrodynamics, sediment transport, sediment mass balance, and topographic change, coupled to two alternative vegetation formulations: (i) a classical model based on hump-shaped elevation niches, and (ii) a spatially explicit dispersal–competition model based on monotonic (logistic) fundamental niches. Simulations are performed for a real case study in the Venice Lagoon under different rates of relative sea-level rise and suspended sediment supply.
The two vegetation formulations produce markedly different patterns of vegetation zonation and, more importantly, contrasting predictions of marsh resilience to rising sea levels. While the classical model predicts marsh persistence under a relative sea-level rise of 2.5 mm yr⁻¹, the dispersal-based vegetation model predicts marsh degradation, yielding qualitatively different outcomes under the same environmental forcings.
By explicitly accounting for dispersal and interspecific competition, our results show that vegetation dynamics exert a stronger control on long-term marsh survival than is captured by traditional niche-based models. This calls for a revision of current biogeomorphodynamic frameworks to improve projections of salt-marsh resilience under future sea-level rise.
Keywords: Echo-morphodynamic model, Dispersal colonization, Habitat quality, Sediment transport, Salt marsh
How to cite: Shamsnia, H., Finotello, A., D'Alpaos, A., and Bertuzzo, E.: A Comparative Study of Salt Marsh Vegetation Dynamics in an Eco-Morphodynamic Modeling Framework, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-18985, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-18985, 2026.
Crevasse splays generated by natural levee breaches are key geomorphodynamic mechanisms through which rivers deliver sediment to adjacent floodplains and lagoons, promoting land building and wetland development. In heavily engineered deltaic systems, such features provide valuable natural analogues for nature-based solutions (NbS) aimed at restoring sediment connectivity and enhancing coastal resilience. This study investigates the recent morphodynamic evolution of a crevasse splay in the Batteria Island, Po River Delta, formed due to a natural levee breach, with the aim of quantifying rates of splay growth, surface accretion, and channel-network dynamics.
The evolution of the splay between 2015 and 2024 was reconstructed using Sentinel-2 Satellite Imagery. Changes in vegetation cover, tidal-flat extent, and distributary channel patterns were mapped from true- and false-colour composites, while rates of splay-front progradation were quantified using DSAS. High-resolution surface morphology was further constrained using two drone-based LiDAR surveys (2024 and 2025), complemented by a bathymetric survey.
Sedimentological data from approximately 30 shallow sediment cores distributed across the splay were used to constrain vertical and lateral variability within the deposit and to generate a three-dimensional subsurface model of the splay’s internal architecture.
Results show self-sustained growth of the crevasse splay into the lagoon, accompanied by a gradual expansion of vegetated salt-marsh surfaces and net positive vertical accretion. Progradation rates decrease slowly over time due to geometric spreading of sediment across the widening splay lobes. The distributary channel network exhibits distinct dynamics: three main channels remain consistently open, whereas secondary channels are frequently abandoned after becoming blocked by plant debris. These abandoned channels are subsequently colonized by vegetation, promoting sediment trapping and stabilizing the splay surface. In the northern part of the splay, newly formed lobes are beginning to be colonized by vegetation, but the process remains slow, indicating a lag between sediment deposition and ecological succession.
The Batteria Lagoon crevasse splay demonstrates how naturally occurring levee breaches can rapidly create and stabilize new wetland surfaces in a tide-influenced delta. These findings highlight the geomorphic effectiveness of levee-breach-driven sediment delivery and provide quantitative insights relevant to the design and assessment of NbS-based wetland restoration strategies in deltaic environments.
How to cite: Mandal, A. R., Rossi, V. M., Finotello, A., Ghinassi, M., Irace, A., Zaggia, L., Berton, A., Trifiró, S., Mantovani, M., and Cosma, M.: Architecture and evolution of crevasse splay in Po River Delta: implications for nature-based wetland restoration, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-19497, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-19497, 2026.
Many deltas and lagoonal systems are currently under threat of continued sea level rise and face potential future drowning, or transgression of the sea, particularly in lowland lagoonal areas. Resulting drowning of deltas and the impact of potential mitigation measures is subject of many studies. However, timescales and spatial complexity of transgression-related processes often remain unknown or topic of debate. Transgression-forced vegetation changes, salinization, changed these processes are fundamental for the functioning of the lagoonal complex, determining the stability of tidal inlets and rate of sediment transport. Reconstruction of coastal transitions in the past can quantify rates of change and coastal morphology, which by comparison with model simulations help to constrain the transgressive processes and effects.
The former Caorle lagoon, located in the Veneto region in NE Italy, is currently mostly reclaimed agricultural land. It is under threat of sea-level rise and the past development of this relatively small area acts as a natural laboratory of coastal change, highly relevant for the adjacent lagoon of Venice. We use the output of years of fieldwork (2012 – 2026), a large set of radiocarbon dates derived and proxy records at selected core sites of pollen and foraminifera to constrain salinity gradients, ecological changes and human influence. Exceptionally large infill rates are found in unstable tidal inlets. We find that deposition rates at sites with stable conditions vary between 1-8 mm/yr and are largest in depressed areas (incised valleys) and during rapid sea level rise. Lastly, we find that landscape transitions from fluvial- to tide dominated can be rapid (10 – 100 years) or gradual (100 – 1000 years) depending on relative height, topographic position and river configuration.
How to cite: Gerats, W.: Constraining the past and future evolution of a drowning landscape in Northeastern Italy, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-21823, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-21823, 2026.
Developed estuarine and lagoonal systems have progressively evolved toward increasing human control, as their morphology and hydrodynamics have been modified to support settlements, infrastructure, and economic activities. As climate change drives sea-level rise and alters hydrological and meteorological extremes, this human-dominated trajectory is accelerating, with hard-engineering flood-defence systems—including levees, river diversions, and storm-surge barriers—becoming central to coastal flood-risk management in urbanized coastal areas. While the hydro-, morpho-, and ecological effects of individual flood-protection measures are relatively well documented, far less is known about how multiple defenses interact when they operate simultaneously within the same estuarine system.
Here, we investigate the Venice Lagoon (Italy), a paradigmatic anthropogenic tidal basin shaped by centuries of human interventions. In the northern lagoon, a river-levee spillway is used to divert excess river discharge toward the lagoon to protect mainland urban areas from fluvial flooding, while a storm-surge barrier system at the lagoon inlets is operated to limit marine flooding in Venice and other lagoonal settlements. Using numerical modeling supported by field data, we analysed lagoon hydrodynamics during November 2019, a period characterized by exceptional rainfall and storm-surge conditions that triggered repeated spillway operations and severe flooding in Venice. We compared scenarios with and without storm-surge barrier closures and evaluated the effects of projected sea-level rise over a 40-year horizon.
Our results show that storm-surge barrier closures, although effective at reducing tidal water levels within the lagoon, intensify the freshening caused by riverine flood inputs by restricting tidal exchange and increasing hydraulic heads at (and thus flow discharge through) the spillway. Under sea-level-rise scenarios, barrier closures are projected to become both more frequent and longer-lasting, leading to greater volumes of freshwater entering the lagoon and to an expansion of areas affected by altered salinity. Over longer timescales, these coupled processes are expected to drive the lagoon away from its present hydrodynamic and ecological regime, increasing its reliance on active human regulation to maintain stability. This highlights the need for integrated adaptation strategies that explicitly account for interactions among flood-defence infrastructures, so that coastal cities can be protected without undermining the resilience of estuarine ecosystems under ongoing climate change and intensifying anthropogenic pressures.
How to cite: Michielotto, A., Finotello, A., Matticchio, B., Tognin, D., Mel, R. A., Feola, A., Viero, D. P., Carniello, L., and D'Alpaos, A.: Urban Flood Prevention and Ecosystem Trade-offs in Venice, Italy, EGU General Assembly 2026, Vienna, Austria, 3–8 May 2026, EGU26-17730, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-17730, 2026.
